Introduction to HTML.
1.0 INTERNET AND THE WEB
1.1 What is The Internet?
The Internet is a collection of interconnected networks. It connects millions of computers together globally, forming a network in which any computer can communicate with any other computer as long as they are both connected to the Internet. Information that travels over the Internet does so via a variety of languages known as protocols. Figure 1: The Internet 1.2 What is The Web (World Wide Web)? The World Wide Web, or simply Web, is a way of accessing information over the medium of the Internet. It is an information-sharing model that is built on top of the Internet. The Web uses the HTTP protocol to transmit data. The Web also utilizes browsers, such as Internet Explorer, Firefox, Opera Mini, Google Chrome etc to access Web pages. Web documents also contain graphics, sounds, text and video. 1.3 The Web is a Portion of The Internet The Web is just one of the ways that information can be disseminated over the Internet. The Internet, not the Web, is also used for email, which relies on SMTP, Usenet news groups, instant messaging and FTP.
1.4 Internet Providers
An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization that provides services for accessing, using, or participating in the Internet. Internet service providers may be organized in various forms, such as commercial, community-owned, non-profit, or otherwise privately owned. Internet services typically provided by ISPs include Internet access, Internet transit, domain name registration, web hosting, Usenet service, and collocation.
Internet service providers are connected to the Internet. The most widely used ISPs are national and wireless. Connection technologies include dial-up, DSL, cable, and wireless modems. Internet Service provider can be categorized into the following Access providers ISP Edge providers
Mailbox providers Hosting ISPs Transit ISPs Virtual ISPs Free ISPs Wireless ISP
Internet Service Providers (ISP) serves as the main entry or gateway access to the world largest network of computers, the internet. ISP companies are charged with the sole responsibilities of providing, distributing and regulating internet access to individuals, organizations and government establishment. Below is the list of some ISP companies in Nigeria.
1. NETCOM Africa
2. SWIFT
3. IPNX Nigeria
4. ETISALAT
5. SPECTRANET
6. SMILES
7. GLOBACOM
8. VDT Communications
9: MTN Nigeria
10. VISAFONE
1.5 USES OF INTERNET
A. Research and homework
The internet is a fantastic place to research information for a project or piece of homework. It doesn't matter what topic you have been set, you can guarantee that you will find something on the subject.
B. Communication
The internet opens up many different possible ways to communicate with others. E.g
Email
Blogs
Social networking sites e.g. Facebook, Myspace, Bebo
Chatrooms
Forums
Voip - internet telephone
C. Shopping
Whatever you want to buy, you can pretty much guarantee that you can find it for sale somewhere on the internet.
D. Leisure and Entertainment
There are many different ways that you can choose to spend your time online and amuse yourself. Here are a few:
Playing online games
Listening to music
Reading online books and e-books
Watching online videos e.g. YouTube
Reading about your hobbies
Keeping up-to-date with the news and sporting events
Watching 'catch up' television from the main channels
E. Exploring the world
The internet has many services that help you explore the world.
Satellite and mapping applications e.g. Google Earth
Travel sites providing details of other places
Live web cams showing other parts of the world
Almanacs and encyclopedias
There are always new things turning up on the internet as entrepreneurs think of the next great service that everyone wants.
1.6 History behind the formation of Internet The internet is the interconnection of thousands of networks. The ARPANET(Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) began as a US Government experiment back in 1969. ARPA , the Department of Defence (DoD) advanced research project agency, initially linked researchers with a remote computer centers, allowing them to share hardware and software resources such as computer disk space, databases and computers. Later, this was shortened as ―Internet. The network operated with a technique called packet switching, in which the digital data is transmitted in small bundles called packets. These packets contain the information about the address, error control and the order in which packets are to be sent. The address information allows the packets to trace the route to their destination. The sequencing information allows the reassembling of the packets into their original order in destination. Packets from different senders were intermixed on the same line. This technique greatly reduced the costs when compared with the dedicated communication line. The network was designed to operate without centralized control. If a portion of network failed, the remaining working portions would still route packets from senders to receivers over alternative paths. ARPANET used the Transmission Control protocol known as TCP for communication. As the Internet evolved, organizations implemented World Wide Web for both intra organization (i.e. within the organization)
and inter organization (i.e. between various organizations). A challenge was raised to communicate with different networks. ARPA solved the problem by developing the Internet Protocol (IP), which truly created the network of networks, the current architecture of Internet. The combination of IP and TCP is commonly referred as TCP/IP protocol. Initially, the Internet usage was limited to universities, military organizations and research institutions. Eventually the government decided to allow access to the Internet for commercial purpose.
Getting connected to Internet
Individuals and small business companies can access the internet using a dialup connection. A dial-up connection simply mean that when you want to access the Internet, your modem dials a host computer and you can go about your business. Dial-up access means your phone line is only tied up while you’re actually using the Internet. If you’re trying to connect to a large group of people who require connection simultaneously, extremely fast connections to the Internet, dial-up access is not the best choice. If you’re connecting to more than 20 people who require simultaneous INTERNET and permanent Internet connections, you may need that leased line, terminal server, router and other equipments. Those who need simple dialup access needs only a computer, a modem, a telephone line, an account with a service provider and the appropriate software. The following section describes the requirements that enable Internet access.
Modem
At first your computer must have a Modem. Modem (modulatordemodulator) is a device that converts data to an analog signal that can be transmitted over telephone lines. The computer’s digital information is transmitted as analog signal. At the receiving end the analog signal is converted to digital information in a readable form. Modems are available in various forms. The standard interface for connecting the external modems to computers is called RS-232 interface. Consequently, any external modem can be attached to any computer that has an RS-232 port, which almost all computers have. Some modems come as an expansion board that you can insert into a vacant slot. This type is also called onboard or internal modems.
Network Interface Card
The network card is also frequently called a Network Interface Card (NIC). Currently, the most common types of NIC used in homes and offices are Ethernet and wireless Ethernet cards. NIC is a hardware which allows your computer to connect through a network or a high–speed Internet Connection such as Local Area Network (LAN), cable modem or a Digital Subscriber Line (DSL).
1.1 What is The Internet?
The Internet is a collection of interconnected networks. It connects millions of computers together globally, forming a network in which any computer can communicate with any other computer as long as they are both connected to the Internet. Information that travels over the Internet does so via a variety of languages known as protocols. Figure 1: The Internet 1.2 What is The Web (World Wide Web)? The World Wide Web, or simply Web, is a way of accessing information over the medium of the Internet. It is an information-sharing model that is built on top of the Internet. The Web uses the HTTP protocol to transmit data. The Web also utilizes browsers, such as Internet Explorer, Firefox, Opera Mini, Google Chrome etc to access Web pages. Web documents also contain graphics, sounds, text and video. 1.3 The Web is a Portion of The Internet The Web is just one of the ways that information can be disseminated over the Internet. The Internet, not the Web, is also used for email, which relies on SMTP, Usenet news groups, instant messaging and FTP.
1.4 Internet Providers
An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization that provides services for accessing, using, or participating in the Internet. Internet service providers may be organized in various forms, such as commercial, community-owned, non-profit, or otherwise privately owned. Internet services typically provided by ISPs include Internet access, Internet transit, domain name registration, web hosting, Usenet service, and collocation.
Internet service providers are connected to the Internet. The most widely used ISPs are national and wireless. Connection technologies include dial-up, DSL, cable, and wireless modems. Internet Service provider can be categorized into the following Access providers ISP Edge providers
Mailbox providers Hosting ISPs Transit ISPs Virtual ISPs Free ISPs Wireless ISP
Internet Service Providers (ISP) serves as the main entry or gateway access to the world largest network of computers, the internet. ISP companies are charged with the sole responsibilities of providing, distributing and regulating internet access to individuals, organizations and government establishment. Below is the list of some ISP companies in Nigeria.
1. NETCOM Africa
2. SWIFT
3. IPNX Nigeria
4. ETISALAT
5. SPECTRANET
6. SMILES
7. GLOBACOM
8. VDT Communications
9: MTN Nigeria
10. VISAFONE
1.5 USES OF INTERNET
A. Research and homework
The internet is a fantastic place to research information for a project or piece of homework. It doesn't matter what topic you have been set, you can guarantee that you will find something on the subject.
B. Communication
The internet opens up many different possible ways to communicate with others. E.g
Blogs
Social networking sites e.g. Facebook, Myspace, Bebo
Chatrooms
Forums
Voip - internet telephone
C. Shopping
Whatever you want to buy, you can pretty much guarantee that you can find it for sale somewhere on the internet.
D. Leisure and Entertainment
There are many different ways that you can choose to spend your time online and amuse yourself. Here are a few:
Playing online games
Listening to music
Reading online books and e-books
Watching online videos e.g. YouTube
Reading about your hobbies
Keeping up-to-date with the news and sporting events
Watching 'catch up' television from the main channels
E. Exploring the world
The internet has many services that help you explore the world.
Satellite and mapping applications e.g. Google Earth
Travel sites providing details of other places
Live web cams showing other parts of the world
Almanacs and encyclopedias
There are always new things turning up on the internet as entrepreneurs think of the next great service that everyone wants.
1.6 History behind the formation of Internet The internet is the interconnection of thousands of networks. The ARPANET(Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) began as a US Government experiment back in 1969. ARPA , the Department of Defence (DoD) advanced research project agency, initially linked researchers with a remote computer centers, allowing them to share hardware and software resources such as computer disk space, databases and computers. Later, this was shortened as ―Internet. The network operated with a technique called packet switching, in which the digital data is transmitted in small bundles called packets. These packets contain the information about the address, error control and the order in which packets are to be sent. The address information allows the packets to trace the route to their destination. The sequencing information allows the reassembling of the packets into their original order in destination. Packets from different senders were intermixed on the same line. This technique greatly reduced the costs when compared with the dedicated communication line. The network was designed to operate without centralized control. If a portion of network failed, the remaining working portions would still route packets from senders to receivers over alternative paths. ARPANET used the Transmission Control protocol known as TCP for communication. As the Internet evolved, organizations implemented World Wide Web for both intra organization (i.e. within the organization)
and inter organization (i.e. between various organizations). A challenge was raised to communicate with different networks. ARPA solved the problem by developing the Internet Protocol (IP), which truly created the network of networks, the current architecture of Internet. The combination of IP and TCP is commonly referred as TCP/IP protocol. Initially, the Internet usage was limited to universities, military organizations and research institutions. Eventually the government decided to allow access to the Internet for commercial purpose.
Getting connected to Internet
Individuals and small business companies can access the internet using a dialup connection. A dial-up connection simply mean that when you want to access the Internet, your modem dials a host computer and you can go about your business. Dial-up access means your phone line is only tied up while you’re actually using the Internet. If you’re trying to connect to a large group of people who require connection simultaneously, extremely fast connections to the Internet, dial-up access is not the best choice. If you’re connecting to more than 20 people who require simultaneous INTERNET and permanent Internet connections, you may need that leased line, terminal server, router and other equipments. Those who need simple dialup access needs only a computer, a modem, a telephone line, an account with a service provider and the appropriate software. The following section describes the requirements that enable Internet access.
Modem
At first your computer must have a Modem. Modem (modulatordemodulator) is a device that converts data to an analog signal that can be transmitted over telephone lines. The computer’s digital information is transmitted as analog signal. At the receiving end the analog signal is converted to digital information in a readable form. Modems are available in various forms. The standard interface for connecting the external modems to computers is called RS-232 interface. Consequently, any external modem can be attached to any computer that has an RS-232 port, which almost all computers have. Some modems come as an expansion board that you can insert into a vacant slot. This type is also called onboard or internal modems.
Network Interface Card
The network card is also frequently called a Network Interface Card (NIC). Currently, the most common types of NIC used in homes and offices are Ethernet and wireless Ethernet cards. NIC is a hardware which allows your computer to connect through a network or a high–speed Internet Connection such as Local Area Network (LAN), cable modem or a Digital Subscriber Line (DSL).
No comments: